Fertilization is one of the important links in the comprehensive management of the soil in Qinyuan. Eucalyptus grows on the same land for many years from colonization to completion of its entire life cycle, and it needs to absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil every year, and the nutrients in the soil are consumed in large quantities. In order to ensure the normal growth and fruiting of eucalyptus, it is necessary to fertilize and supplement nutrients in time, and sufficient nutrients are more conducive to the differentiation of eucalyptus flower buds and reduce the range of results per year, and increase the amount of scorpion fruit.

1 . Main elements and their effects

There are about 10 kinds of nutrients required for the life of eucalyptus, such as N , : P , K , Ca , Mg , Fe , Mn , B , Zn, etc. Now the most important ones are:

(1) N   Appropriate amount of N fertilizer can promote vegetative growth, delay aging, improve light: synergy, improve quality and increase yield. N is a component of chlorophyll, protein, etc., lacking N- yellow yellowing, affecting the formation of carbohydrates and proteins, resulting in less branches and leaves, weak new shoots and falling flowers. The lack of long-term result in reduced N N hazel tree nutrition levels, showed irregular flowering bud, root system is not developed, small plant, reducing resistance, age shortened; N in excess, cause leggy branches, branches are not full, flower buds Less differentiation, severe flowering and fruit drop, nut yield, low quality, wintering and stress resistance.

(2) PP can enhance the vitality of eucalyptus. Promote flower bud differentiation, fruit development and seed maturation and enhance quality; also improve root absorptive capacity, promote the occurrence and growth of new root yang; increase bound water, improve the ability of fruit trees to resist cold and drought. Insufficient P , decreased enzyme activity, metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, affecting normal activities of meristematic tissues, delaying bud buds of eucalyptus, weak growth of new shoots and fine roots, small leaves, early defoliation, flower buds Poor chemistry, affecting fruit quality, reducing cold and drought resistance. Hazelnut development needs more P. Thus, hazel more prime requirement for P; P hormone excess, can cause imbalance and lack of N-containing material N, leaf yellowing, reduced yield, impact Fe, K, Zn absorption and the like. Therefore, pay attention to the proportional relationship with elements such as N and K when applying P.

(3) K   Su amount K may promote fruit enlargement and maturation, and to promote the conversion of sugar transport, improving the quality of nuts, wells may promote thickening shoot growth, tissue maturation, mechanical tissue developed to improve cold, drought resistance, pest resistance, and high temperature capability The coix seed contains a high K , so the eucalyptus requires a higher K. Insufficient K , causing carbohydrate and N metabolism disorders, protein synthesis is blocked, soluble N is increased, and disease resistance is reduced. Affect photosynthesis and reduce assimilation products. Therefore, the vegetative growth is poor, the leaves are small, the fruit is small, the fruit is easily cracked, the coloration is poor, the quality is poor, and the yield is low. K lack stunted shoots fine, yellow leaf edge curled up leaves delay, reduce the resistance; K hormone excess, branches not full, cold reduced, but also affect the absorption of N, Mg, Ca's.

　　 (4) Ca   Ca plays a role in balancing physiological activity in eucalyptus. Appropriate amount of Ca can alleviate the toxic effects of K , Na , Hg , Mn and Pb in the soil . So normal tree ammoniacal nitrogen absorption, growth promotion other; lack of metabolism and transport nutrients like Ca influence of oxygen, its performance root victims: short and thick, curved, apical dead; small leaves, dead branches.

2 . Fertilization period (base fertilizer and forced fertilizer)

The period of fertilization should be based on the phenological period of the eucalyptus and the type of fertilizer.

(1) Autumn application base fertilizer   After the fall of the fruit is collected from the soil prior to freezing (September-October) organic fertilizer was applied to manure, compost, manure, mainly human waste, a long time for a variety of nutrient base fertilizer to the tree . At the same time, add appropriate amount of N , P , K compound fertilizer. Adding organic fertilizer can increase soil porosity, loosen soil, accelerate soil fertility, improve soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat, and is beneficial to microbial activities. Especially in early autumn, the application of base fertilizer, organic matter rot decomposition time is longer, not only the degree of mineralization is high, Hunchun can be used for root absorption and utilization in time. Moreover, it can promote flower bud differentiation, improve the quality of flower buds, and enhance the wintering of trees . It is also beneficial to protect the garden, improve the ground temperature, and prevent frostbite in the rhizosphere. If the fall is too late to apply the base fertilizer, it can also be applied before spring. But in the spring basal fertilizer, fertilizer play slow, and often can not meet the growth needs hazel tree in early spring, late growth has led to shoot again, affect the flower bud and fruit development.

(2) top dressing   The fertilizer that can make the tree strong in the past, obtain high yield and high quality, and can lay the foundation for the growth results of the coming year is an indispensable fertilization link for the increase of eucalyptus. Hazel general dressing twice: the first time in late May to early June, enlargement of the ovary at a time when the fruit and shoot growth; second mid to early July, as June to early July In the first half of the year, the nut develops rapidly and the flower bud begins to differentiate. During this period, topdressing is extremely important for fruit growth and development, flower bud differentiation and branch filling. In addition, foliar spray fertilizer can also be used according to the needs of tree growth and development.

3 . Fertilization method

Including soil fertilization and root dressing.

(1) Soil fertilization   The roots of eucalyptus are shallow, generally extending horizontally, and are mostly distributed in the soil layer 5 to 40 cm deep under the surface . Therefore fertilizer depth and breadth to adapt to this characteristic, in order to obtain good results fertilization. In addition, each element has different mobility in the soil and the depth of application is different. For example, N fertilizer is highly mobile in the soil and should be applied shallowly; K fertilizer has poor mobility and P fertilizer is worse. Generally, P and K fertilizers should be applied deep, especially P fertilizer should be applied in the root distribution layer. The base fertilizer should be applied as early as possible, and the fertilizer should be applied quickly. It should be applied slightly when the tree is in urgent need. Many fertilizer production methods, commonly used methods are the following: an annular furrow fertilizer, fertilizer radial groove, ditch fertilization, the entire park fertilization, irrigation fertilizer formula. Different methods are used depending on the type and purpose of fertilization.

1 annular groove fertilization method: generally used for applying base fertilizer. Digging sticks vertical projection at a peripheral annular groove in the crown, the groove width 30 ~ 40cm, Goushen generally vary depending age: groove depth 30cm (five years old saplings) or 35 ~ 40cm (6 years old tree), trench It is placed in the canopy projection, but it should not be too close to the plant to avoid root injury. Then apply organic fertilizer, mix well with the soil, fertilize and fertilize. The saplings planted in strips should be fertilized in shallow trenches on both sides of the belt after the age of formation. The specific method is the same as the annular groove fertilization method. Green manure is mainly used for shrub cover, and after the green manure rots, it increases soil organic matter. Or shrubs under spreading manure, then turn table 9 shallow soil the fertilizer mixed with soil, and irrigation.

2 Radial groove fertilization method: taking the root of the eucalyptus as the center, it is radially divergent from the inside to the outside. The method of trenching is shallow ( 10 ~ 15cm ) outside depth ( 20 ~ 30cm ), narrow inside ( 10~15cm ) The outer width ( 20~30cm ), the fertilizer and soil are mixed evenly, and the backfill is filled. This method is beneficial to less root damage and the fertilizer is widely distributed and even. This method can be used for both base fertilizer and top dressing.

3 ditch fertilization: On the opposite sides of the outer edge of the canopy projection , the parallel groove is 40cm wide and 40cm deep . The length of the ditch varies with the age of the tree and the size of the crown. In the second position of the trenching fertilization should be changed to the other two sides. This method is applied to saplings and dense plantations and is suitable for applying base fertilizer.

4 hole application: dig 6 to 8 holes on the outer edge of the canopy. The number of points depends on the size of the crown. The depth and width are 30~40cm , and the distribution of the points should be even. This method can be adopted Fertilizers and fertilizer use.

5 spread fertilizer method: often used to apply fertilizer. One method is to spread the fertilizer in the following hazel shrub, then loosen the soil with a hoe. Mix fertilizer and topsoil evenly. Another method is to open a circular shallow ditch around the shrub, withdraw the fertilizer, and then cover the soil, fill the water, or topdress before the rain. Regardless of fertilizer applied by any method, according to the different types varies, generally administered depth of fertilizer N l0 ~ 15cm, administration of P, K fertilizer depth of 20-40cm, and mixed fertilizer organic fertilizer complex fertilizer mix, depth should be 20 -30cm .

6 Irrigation fertilization: This method is combined with sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation. The fertilizer is timely and the fertilizer is evenly distributed. It does not damage the root system and saves labor. The fertilizer utilization rate is high and the cost is low. Particularly suitable crown into contact with hazel tree garden or in close planting garden.

(2) Top dressing   Also known as foliar spray fertilizer. This method is simple, with a small amount of fertilizer, fast play a role, in time to meet the urgent need tree, often in tree growth sprayed using this method a number of elements and trace elements. For example, pre-flowering, post-flowering, young fruiting and fruit growth are effective in spraying 0.3 % to 0.5 % urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the foliage . The optimum temperature for top dressing is 18 °C -25 °C, and the humidity is better. In summer, it is better to be before l0 and after 16 o'clock to avoid high temperature, easy to concentrate the fertilizer, affecting absorption or susceptibility to phytotoxicity.

4 . Fertilization type and dosage

(1) Fertilization types

1 base fertilizer: organic fertilizer, including chicken manure, pig manure, sheep manure and other animal manure and fertilizer formed after the decay of organic matter. The above manure must be fully decomposed before it can be applied. In particular, in addition to full decomposing of chicken manure, chicken manure and soil should be mixed in a ratio of 1 : 5 , otherwise the roots of the seedlings can be easily burned. In addition, organic and inorganic compound fertilizers and biological fertilizers can be used for base fertilizer application.

2 Top dressing: N fertilizer containing a single element , such as urea, diamine and compound fertilizer containing N , P , K and compound fertilizer, can be used for top dressing of eucalyptus.

8 external top dressings: Fertilizers mainly include N , P , K , Ca and trace elements, plant growth regulators.

(2) Fertilization amount   According to the age of the tree, the size of the shrub, the fertility of the soil and the type of fertilizer, the thin sand should be applied with more organic fertilizer, and the soil with deep soil and high humus content can be applied less.

â‘  General Fertilizers 2 ~ 3 years old trees, manure per plant 7 ~ 10kg, 4 ~ 5 years old tree administered 30 ~ 40kg, 6 ~ 7 years old 50 - 60kg per manure, after the increase with the age and Yield Can be applied as appropriate.

② The amount of fertilizer applied: Hazel Park young (2-5 years old) per acre pure N4kg, pure P8kg, pure K8kg, which N, P, K ratio of 0.5: 1: 1. Sheng fruit at the beginning of the Hazel Park (6-9 years old) per acre of pure N8 ~ llkg, Shi pure P16 ~ 22kg, Shi pure K16 ~ 22kg. In the fruiting period ( 10 years or more), apply pure N10 ~ 14kg per acre , apply pure P20~28kg , apply pure P20 ~ 28kg . When applying the fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer applied (quantity) calculated according to the active ingredient of the fertilizer is divided by the percentage of the active ingredient of the fertilizer, and the application amount of the fertilizer is obtained. For example: ammonium sulphate, the amount of N is 21 %, the young 榛 garden needs pure N4kg per acre, then the amount of ammonium sulphate per acre = 4kg ÷ 21 % = 19.05kg , such as 74 plants per acre , then each The strain should be applied with 129 g of ammonium sulfate . According to the test, the annual fertilization amount of compound fertilizer (containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium three elements) is as follows: 1 year old tree plant application 100g , 2 year old 150g , 3 to 4 years application 300 ~ 500g , 5 years old tree application 2kg . 3 Apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer (such as: black fertilizer, biological fertilizer): 2 to 3 kg per plant in young orchard ( 3 to 5 years old) ; 6 to 9 years old, 6 to 7 kg per plant ; 10 years or more Apply 8 to 10 kg per plant .