The emergency organization of nuclear power plants in China consists of the emergency command department of the nuclear power plant and the emergency response team headed by it. The general emergency command is taken by the plant manager (general manager) of the nuclear power plant, and the first deputy director and the person in charge of the operation serve as substitutes. The responsibility of the emergency commander is to take full charge of all emergency response activities in the plant area under emergency conditions and the tasks that the nuclear power plant should carry out outside the field as specified in the emergency plan.

The emergency operation command is performed by the deputy director (deputy general manager) who is responsible for the production and operation of the nuclear power plant. Its primary task is to fully take charge of the operation and evaluation of the nuclear power plant and report the safety status of the nuclear power plant to the general emergency commander before starting the emergency command. Acting on behalf of the emergency commander. The technical backstop command shall be performed by the deputy director (deputy general manager) of the process technology supervisor of the nuclear power plant. He shall be responsible for providing technical support to the emergency commander and operation commander in terms of operational control, remedial measures, protective measures, and environmental monitoring. 3.7 Composition of Emergency Plan The specific composition of the emergency plan mainly includes preparation procedures, basic emergency procedures, and special risk emergency procedures.

3.7.1 Preparation of procedures The preparation of procedures is the first part of the overall contingency plan. It mainly discusses emergency preparedness for emergency response actions and includes several subroutines.

3.7.1.1 Review Procedures (1) Horizontal Review (2) Vertical Review

3.7.1.2 Clarifying Emergency Responsibility Procedures This procedure provides a brief description of the responsibilities of emergency responders: A. General Commander - from the Emergency Command Center B. Incident Site Commander - from the Incident Field Command Center C. Public Relations Representative - From the Media Center. Personnel - from technical support agencies, including security personnel, environmental workers, medical personnel, etc. E information managers - from the information management department

3.7.1.3 Emergency Resources and Emergency Response Evaluation Procedures A Emergency Resources (1) Emergency Response Persons (2) Emergency Equipment, Including on-site Emergency Equipment and Off-site Emergency Equipment B Emergency Response Capability (1) Internal Emergency Response Capability (2) External Emergency Response Capability

3.7.1.4 The training program training effect is a key factor in the success of the entire emergency plan, must include: (1) the use of fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing steps training (2) personal protective measures (3) on potential accidents Identification (4) Accident Alert (5) Safe Evacuation of Personnel in Emergency Situations

3.7.1.5 Training and Exercise Procedures The main objectives of training and exercises include: (1) The adequacy of the test plan and procedures (2) The effectiveness of emergency training and the proficiency of emergency responders (3) Testing of existing emergency devices and equipment Adequacy of other resources (4) Enhance coordination with accident emergency departments outside the site (5) Discern and correct shortcomings in plans and procedures through training To practically perform emergency drills, the following preparations must be made: (1) Formulate a complete exercise plan (2) Prepare all management departments for the exercise (3) Preparation of emergency team members and emergency departments outside the site

3.7.2 Basic Emergency Procedures

3.7.2.1 Alarm Procedures In the event of an emergency or unexpected incident, any person may discover an accident or dangerous situation. At this time, their primary task is to report to the relevant department and provide all information of the accident and to the extent possible. Take appropriate emergency action within. In the specific implementation of the alarm operation, it should be based on the actual situation of the accident, to determine the scope of the object to be notified of the alarm.

3.7.2.2 Communication procedure The communication procedure describes the communication system that may be used in an emergency to ensure that the various agencies of the emergency rescue system maintain contact. The following communication links should be considered in the procedure: (1) Emergency team members (2) Incident commander Between emergency responders and (3) emergency rescue system agencies (4) between emergency response agencies and external emergency response organizations (5) between emergency response agencies and wounded families (6) between emergency response agencies and customers ( 7) Between the emergency command agency and the news media

3.7.2.3 Evacuation procedures The main content of evacuation procedures is the necessary actions for evacuation from the area affected by the accident. The evacuation procedures should explain the evacuation procedures and precautions and determine who will determine the evacuation scope. They should also inform the evacuation personnel of the evacuation area of ​​the signs and specific evacuation routes. In the evacuation procedure, the evacuation of injured persons should also be established. Special protection procedures. Supplements to this procedure include providing a map of the route of the accident scene area, marking of dangerous areas, and shelters that allow people to rest or hide.

3.7.2.4 Traffic Control Procedures The traffic control procedures mainly include the following aspects: A. Precaution B. A. Traffic Control C. Fast Traffic Control

3.7.2.5 Recovery Procedures When the emergency response at the scene of an accident is over, the most urgent task that should be carried out is to restore all persons or things that were damaged or delayed in the accident to normal operation. The length of time required for recovery generally depends on: (1) extent of damage (2) degree of restraint of personnel, resources, and financial resources (3) requirements of relevant laws and regulations (4) other factors such as meteorological conditions and topography

3.7.3 Special hazards emergency procedures Special hazards Emergency procedures are guidance procedures that are developed for specific accidents and emergency response to special conditions. The specific program content is determined according to different accident situations. Usually, in addition to the action content of the basic emergency procedures, special emergency action contents for special accidents should also be included. Accidents that occur frequently in companies where toxic, hazardous, flammable, and explosive substances are present are the leakage of dangerous goods and the fires and explosions that they cause. Under special circumstances, they may also be affected by natural disasters such as typhoons and floods.

3.7.3.1 Dangerous Goods Leak

3.7.3.2 Fire

3.7.3.3 Typhoon

3.7.3.4 Floods 3.1 Procedures for Preparing Emergency Rescue Plans The steps for preparing an accident contingency plan are as follows: (1) Set up a plan preparation team (2) Collect data and conduct initial assessment (3) Identify hazards and evaluate risks (4) Evaluation ability Establish an emergency response organization with resources (5) (6) Choose an appropriate type of contingency plan (7) Prepare emergency plans at all levels 3.2 Establish an emergency rescue plan preparation team The plan preparation team represents representatives from the following departments: (1) Safety (2) Environmental protection (3) Operation and production (4) Security (5) Engineering (6) Technical service (7) Maintenance (8) Medical (9) Environment (10) Personnel In addition, group members may also include from the local government community and related government Representatives of the department.

3.2.1 Data collection and initial assessment The primary task of the preparation team is to collect the necessary information for the preparation of the plan and conduct initial assessments, including: (1) Applicable laws, regulations and standards (2) Corporate safety records, accidents (3) Domestically Outside the accident data of similar enterprises (4) Geographical, environmental and meteorological data (5) Emergency plans for related companies, etc. Initially, the work of the team can be divided into three parts: (1) Hazard identification, consequence analysis and risk assessment (2) Clear Personnel and functions (3) clearly identified resources

3.2.2 Analysis of Emergency Response Capability

3.2.3 Precautions for Preparing Emergency Rescue Plans The main part of the plan is the overall response strategy and emergency response. It should also be flexible enough to adapt to the actual emergency situation that changes at any time. The plan should include at least six elements of emergency response: (1) Effectiveness of emergency resources (2) Procedures for accident assessment (3) Structure of command, coordination and response organization (4) Communication and communication procedures (5) Emergency response actions ( 6) Training, exercises and plan maintenance

3.3 Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard identification and risk assessment are the key to the preparation of emergency plans. All emergency plans are based on risk assessment.

3.3.1 Process risk assessment procedures for hazard identification and risk assessment mainly include the following steps: (1) Data collection (2) Identification and analysis of dangerous sound speed (3) Risk classification (4) Provide safety measures to reduce or control risks Measure

3.3.2 Hazard Identification Methods

3.3.2.1 Main Contents of Hazard Identification In the process of hazard identification, the principle of “transverse to the edge, vertical to the end, and no dead angle” should be adhered to, and the existing hazards and hazards should be identified and analyzed. A Site and environmental conditions B Plant floor plan C Building (structure) D Production process E Production equipment and equipment

3.3.2.2 Hazard identification methods Hazard refers to the potential of materials, objects, systems, process engineering, facilities or sites to cause harm to people, property or the environment. Hazard identification is to identify the characteristics of materials, systems, production processes or places that may cause adverse consequences of the accident. A Material Property Analysis B Production Process and Condition C Interaction Matrix Analysis Method D Using Safety Evaluation and Analysis Methods

3.3.3 Identification of Significant Risk Factors and Hazardous Factors Major hazards and hazards refer to hazards and hazards that can cause major accidents. At present, the international community has been accustomed to referencing major accidents as major fires, explosions, and poison leakage accidents. In 1993, the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the “Convention on the Prevention of Major Accidents”, which defined major accidents as: “At major risky facilities A sudden accident in a production activity involving serious leakage, fire, explosion, etc. involving one or more hazardous substances that causes an acute or chronic serious hazard to workers, the public or the environment."

3.3.4 Hazard Identification Precautions During the hazard identification process, the following points should be noted: (1) Distribution of hazards and hazards (2) Methods and ways of injury (hazards) (3) Major hazards and hazardous factors (4) Major hazards Hazards

3.3.5 Hazard Identification Results

3.3.6 Risk Assessment Risk assessment, also known as safety assessment, is the qualitative or quantitative analysis of the risk of systemic accidents, the assessment of the probability and severity of system hazards, and the search for the lowest accident rate and the least loss. Optimal safety investment benefits. The commonly used risk assessment methods can be classified into qualitative assessment methods, index evaluation methods, semi-quantitative evaluation methods, and probabilistic risk assessment methods.

3.3.6.1 Qualitative assessment methods

3.3.6.2 Index Evaluation Method

3.3.6.3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods

3.3.6.4 Risk Evaluation Software

3.4 The determination of personnel and staff The correct implementation of the emergency plan must be clear about the responsibilities, and in particular, who should command when. The preparation team can assign emergency tasks according to the company's normal production management system positions. This can reduce training to ensure that the correct commanding team in emergencies should carefully review the leadership ability and the command system during vacation, and ensure that the responsible personnel are well trained. The situation can be dealt with before the arrival of more senior commanders. The most common emergency functions implemented in emergencies: (1) communication and external relations, including media (2) fire and rescue (3) material leakage control (4) process and utilities (5) engineering measures (6) environment Status (7) Medical Care (8) Security (9) Logistics (10) Administration

3.5 Evaluation of emergency resources At this stage, the team will evaluate the resources that the company has in an emergency and the personnel who control the emergency. The alarm requires a good system. The communication equipment used in emergency is of vital importance. The type of equipment needed in the emergency.

3.6 Establishment of Emergency Response Organization One of the most important purposes of an emergency response plan is to establish an emergency response organization that can be deployed in an emergency at the shortest possible time.

3.6.1 Initial response The responsibility for the organization's initial coordination of emergency operations is generally the responsibility of the on-duty manager. In the initial stage, the on-duty manager must temporarily assume the function of the corporate emergency commander. Assignment of responsibilities should be made in advance, rather than waiting until the emergency begins.

3.6.2 Overall Emergency Response Organization

3.6.3 The responsibilities of the corporate emergency commander's corporate emergency commander are as follows: (1) Analyze the emergency status and determine the corresponding alarm level (2) Command and coordinate emergency response actions (3) and external emergency response personnel, departments, organizations, and institutions (4) Directly monitor the actions of emergency operations personnel (5) Ensure the safety of on-site and off-site personnel (6) Coordinate the logistical aspects to support the response The functions of the organization's corporate emergency command command can be assumed by the general manager of the enterprise, and the chief of the enterprise emergency commander The function is overall command, and a large number of actual reactions and coordination tasks are mainly performed by the deputy general commander responsible for production or safety, because he is more skilled, experienced, and more familiar with emergency response operations. The corporate emergency commander is assigned to a job in a business organization, not to someone. All emergency positions, especially the corporate emergency commander, should have agents to avoid the general manager or other leaders of the company from performing their duties when not on site.

3.6.4 Responsive operation deputy commander The main responsibilities of the deputy commander of the operation and operation are: (1) Assist the company's general emergency command organization and command the task of emergency operation. (2) Assess the action that should be taken to the enterprise emergency commander to mitigate the consequences of the accident. And (3) Maintain direct contact with the deputy commander of the on-site operations (4) Coordinating, organizing and acquiring other resources and equipment required for the emergency to support emergency operations at the site

3.6.5 Accident field deputy commander The accident field deputy commander is the commander of the most advanced emergency response organization on the direct accident scene. Its main responsibilities are: (1) Command and coordination of all accident site operations (2) Site accident assessment (3) Ensuring the implementation of emergency response actions by business personnel and the public (4) Control of emergency (5) On-site emergency response and response at the emergency command center